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Electric Turbo, a key technology for Hybridized Powertrain (Lambda 1, Performance and Energy efficiency)
The automotive world is undoubtedly in a period of flux. Urban air quality and climate change are the key drivers and new technologies such as zero emission, connected and autonomous vehicles are causing significant changes in the mobility landscape. Full electric vehicles (EV’s) are growing quickly on a percentile basis but require significant monetary and “in kind” incentives such as preferential city access, parking and exemption from life cycle CO2 counting, to stimulate adoption, at least in the short term. Legislation is also evolving rapidly. Real driving emission (RDE), the clean vehicle directive (CVD), CO2 monitoring and the still to be published Eu7 emission targets are being designed to transition the european fleet to one that can be measured and monitored firstly in terms of real world emission and ultimately in life cycle CO2 footprint. Change is not only taking place in automotive however. In the energy sector, the renewable energy directive (RED II) and the gas market design are the instruments with which the EU commission will steer the primary energy industries such as electricity and natural gas towards the goal of 90% reduction in CO2 by 2050. All these actions will take time to shape the individual industries but convergence will be well advanced by 2025 and by 2030 it should be possible to start comparing based life cycle CO2 in a meaningful way.
Electric Turbo Boosting – A key Technology for EU7 – Baden Baden 2019
Eu7 Mainstream Concept
Performance and CO2 potential at Eu7 Boundary Conditions
Lambda 1 980°C Full Map
16% Power & 10,5% Torque vs Baseline
4x Torque Gradient at 1500 rpm
Torque Consistency across Speed Range
> 60% Kinetic Energy Recovery in a Tip Out
True Recuperation still to be studied
Assessment of eBoosting on a Gasoline micro-Hybrid Passenger Vehicle
As emissions standards tighten, automotive manufacturers on every continent are quickening the pace on turbo uptake to develop passenger cars and trucks that redefine the concepts of fuel efficiency and performance. By 2020, it’s predicted that 70 percent of the entire light vehicles worldwide will be boosted by turbo technology, enabling millions of drivers to enjoy the benefits of impressive driveability, cost-effective emissions control and improved fuel efficiency.
Gasoline VNT as a Fuel Economy and Emission Enabler
Gasoline VNT is an enabler for heavy millerization offering diesel-like fuel economy with gasoline performance while meeting stringent CO2 regulations.
The coupling of Advanced Gasoline Combustion and a fast-transient Boost System to produce a Low CO2 vehicle Concept
EU H2020 “Particle Reduced, Efficient Gasoline Engines” (PaREGEn) project targets CO2 reduction by at least 15% under upcoming EU6 RDE legislation. A lean combustion vehicle demonstrator, the concept and design studies of which are summarized in this paper, is one of the workstreams in the project. Specifics of boosting system sizing for such an advanced combustion powertrain are elaborated in detail for full- and partload conditions. Boosting system design for vehicle packaging is also introduced, as well as the upcoming activities outlook.
Impact of EGR and AFR Targets on Twin-Scroll Turbine MFR Optimization for Commercial Vehicle Diesel Applications
Divided turbines improve the efficiency of heavy-duty diesel engines by separating the blowdown events of consecutive cylinders, improving engine pumping and engine volumetric efficiency. Dividing the turbine housing leads to uneven flow between the two scrolls which can be characterized in terms of turbine mass flow ratio (MFR). An optimized turbine design needs to consider where the turbine energy is delivered with respect to MFR and improve turbine efficiency at the turbine operating points where most of the turbine energy is delivered. Three single-stage air handling architectures were compared based on their likelihood of adoption for US-24/EURO-VII engines: SCR-only, HP-EGR with Reed and asymmetric HP-EGR.
Electric Turbo | A key Technology for EU7
Strong Industry Macros with MHEV set to Grow Fast but need to overlay Regional, National and Local Targets
Air Quality
NOx for Diesel & Particulates for Gasoline
City Tolls, Parking Charges (& ICE Bans)
CO2 (Eu)
2020+ → 95g/km
2025 → 95g/km -15%
2030 → 95g/km -30%
Eu7 (2023+) | Gasoline example
No Scavenging → Risk to LET
Lambda 1 → Risk to Rated Power
RDE Full → Emission from t=0
Two-Stage Electric Fuel Cell Compressor
Increasingly stringent emissions regulations are promoting alternative energy sources like hydrogen, driving the development of fuel cell propulsion technologies. Garrett’s Two Stage electric compressor for fuel cells supports this innovative energy source, using a combination of aerospace and automotive technology.
Comparative system level assessment of different electric boosting architectures
Macro trends on increasingly stringent emission regulations, health concerns linked to air pollution in cities and 48 V penetration due to growing electric auxiliary demand at vehicle level are allowing penetration of electrified air-boosting systems. Such systems create new degrees of freedom and enable new optimization strategies for internal combustion engines.
Development of High Temperature Material Constitutive model for Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue (TMF) Loadings in Turbochargers
Turbochargers used for internal combustion engines experience severe transient loading conditions due to nature and variety of engine operating conditions. Turbine housing, a key component of a turbocharger collects hot exhaust gases from the engine and provides it to the turbine wheel and hence the kinetic energy needed for charging. Non-uniform temperature distributions, complex designs and mechanical loads induced by interactions with adjacent components subject turbine housings to multi-axial stresses which could lead to thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) and ultimately to cracks. Hence designing a turbine housing robust for thermomechanical fatigue poses a major challenge and it requires a very deep understanding about the material behaviors under various TMF loading conditions.
Improvement of Monoblock by-pass valve for sealing, controllability and catalyst light off
Garrett developed the first monoblock arm and valve in 2013 for durability, controllability and noise perspective. The first application was mono-scroll coupled with a pneumatic actuator. The global trend is to switch from pneumatic to electric actuator and the customer requirement to use monoblock with twin scroll turbocharger for durability perspective forced engineers to revisit the complete monoblock design.
